Recent Papers on Recycling of nutrients and byproducts
Content Table
- Water Centric Cities of the Future - Towards Macroscale Assessment of Sustainability
- Internal recycle to improve denitrification in a step feed anoxic/aerobic activated sludge system
- Assessment of rainwater use and greywater reuse in high-rise buildings in a brownfield site
- Elimination of phenols, ammonia and cyanide in wash water from biomass gasification, and nitrogen recycling using planted trickling filters
- Ferric coagulant recovered from coagulation sludge and its recycle in chemically enhanced primary treatment
- Resources and nutrients oriented greywater treatment for non-potable reuses
- Total nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia recycle stream using a single submerged attached growth bioreactor
- Development of sequencing batch reactor with step feed and recycle
- Treatment and reuse of backwash water in Taipei water treatment plant, Taiwan
- Nitrogen removal by recycle water nitritation as an attractive alternative for retrofit technologies in municipal wastewater treatment plants
Water Centric Cities of the Future - Towards Macroscale Assessment of Sustainability
Water Practice & Technology © IWA Publishing 2009 | doi:10.2166/wpt.2009.062
Vladimir Novotny* and Eric V. Novotny**
*CDM Chair Professor, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, MA (USA), on a sabbatical leave at CDM, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
**PhD Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Abstract
The developments of several current and future ecocities have been comparatively assessed as to their environmental benefits of preservation or restoration of the ecological and hydrological (water reuse) functionality of their surface water bodies and social benefits such as carbon emissions reduction, recreation, and resource recovery. These evaluation categories are the key components of the Triple Bottom Line assessment of sustainability. The assessed urban water developments include downtown San Antonio (TX, USA), ecocity portion of San Francisco and Sonoma Mountain Village (CA, USA), Hammarby Sjöstad (Sweden), Tianjin, Qingdao and Dongtan (China), and Masdar (UAE). The analysis revealed some problems with the lack of macroscale measures, models, and indices for some key components of the triple bottom assessment. Several research hypotheses and ecocity concepts were suggested for further research and studying.
Internal recycle to improve denitrification in a step feed anoxic/aerobic activated sludge system
Water Science & Technology—WST Vol 60 No 7 pp 1661–1668 © IWA Publishing 2009 doi:10.2166/wst.2009.031
C. A. Boyle, C. J. McKenzie and S. Morgan
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand E-mail: c.boyle@auckland.ac.nz
MWH New Zealand, PO Box 13 249, Christchurch, New Zealand
Senior Process Planner, Melbourne Water, PO Box 4342, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia
Abstract
During periods of low load (weekends and holidays) the Mangere wastewater treatment plant effluent has breached the summer consent conditions for total nitrogen. The purpose of this research was to determine if an internal recycle would improve nitrogen removal in the anoxic/aerobic activated sludge reactors sufficient to meet the summer resource consent standard. The recycle returned nitrate rich mixed liquor from the downstream aerobic zone back to the initial anoxic zone, thus potentially improving denitrification. A full scale trial showed that installation of the internal recycle on each RC would have satisfied the resource consent for total nitrogen in most cases over the three summer resource consent periods since the upgrade. However, further modifications of the internal recycle would be required to ensure that consent conditions were satisfied at all times and to improve the consistency of the results.
Assessment of rainwater use and greywater reuse in high-rise buildings in a brownfield site
Water Science & Technology—WST Vol 60 No 3 pp 575–581 © IWA Publishing 2009 doi:10.2166/wst.2009.364
Yan Zhang, Andrew Grant, Ashok Sharma, Donghui Chen and Liang Chen
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China E-mail: annyzhang07921@yahoo.com.au
Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne 3190, Australia E-mail: Andrew.Grant@csiro.au; Ashok.Sharma@csiro.au
Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 200235, China E-mail: hometownplant@163.com
Abstract
This study describes the use of rainwater and greywater (originated from bathroom only) for provision of non-contact indoor and outdoor use in high-rise buildings. A brownfield development site in Box Hill suburb of Melbourne was selected as case study site for this investigation. The performance of alternative servicing options was compared with conventional water supply, stormwater and wastewater servicing. A water balance model UVQ (Urban Volume and Quality) was applied to determine storage capacities and to evaluate the percentage reduction in water supplying, stormwater run-off and wastewater disposal, as well as volumes of rainwater use and greywater reuse. In this study, the impact of variation in collection area (600 m2 and 900 m2) and appliance discharge volumes was examined. A number of demand management options were also investigated. The results of this study indicate greywater reuse is more suited than rainwater use for this development because of the steady, constant supply of greywater compared to the highly fluctuating, storm-event supply of rainwater and the high population density creating comparatively large volumes of greywater.
Elimination of phenols, ammonia and cyanide in wash water from biomass gasification, and nitrogen recycling using planted trickling filters
Water Science & Technology—WST Vol 60 No 12 pp 3253–3259 © IWA Publishing 2009 doi:10.2166/wst.2009.728
Andreas Graber, Robert Skvarc and Ranka Junge-Berberovi
Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Gruental, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland E-mail: andreas.graber@zhaw.ch; robert.skvarc@mgb.ch; ranka.junge@zhaw.ch
Abstract
Trickling filters were used to treat wash water from a wood gasifier. This wash water contained toxic substances such as ammonium, cyanide, phenols, and PAH. The goal was to develop a system that degraded toxic substances, and achieved full nitrification of ammonia. A 1 kW model wood gasifier plant delivered wash water for the experiments, which was standardised to a conductivity of 3 mS/cm by dilution. Toxicity was assessed by bacterial luminescence detection, germination test with cress (Lepidium sativum), and pot plants cultivated in a hydroponic setup irrigated continuously with the wastewater. Treatment experiments were done in both planted and unplanted trickling filters. Plant yield was similar to conventional hydroponic production systems. The trickling filters achieved complete detoxification of phenol, PAH and cyanide as well as full nitrification. The specific elimination rates were 100 g m-3 Leca d-1 for phenols and 90 g m-3 Leca d-1 for ammonium in planted systems. In unplanted trickling filters circulated for 63 h, phenol concentration decreased from 83.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L and cyanide concentration from 0.32 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L. PAH concentrations were reduced from 3,050 mg/L to 0.89 mg/L within 68 days. The assays demonstrated the feasibility of using the technique to construct a treatment system in a partially closed circulation for gasifier wash water. The principal advantage is to convert toxic effluents from biomass gasifiers into a non-toxic, nitrogen-rich fertiliser water, enabling subsequent use in plant production and thus income generation. However, the questions of long-term performance and possible accumulation of phenols and heavy metals in the produce still have to be studied.
Ferric coagulant recovered from coagulation sludge and its recycle in chemically enhanced primary treatment
Water Science & Technology—WST Vol 60 No 1 pp 211–219 © IWA Publishing 2009 doi:10.2166/wst.2009.318
G. R. Xu, Z. C. Yan, N. Wang and G. B. Li
State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail: xgr@hit.edu.cn
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to study the feasibility of ferric coagulant recovery from chemical sludge and its recycle in chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) to make the process more cost-effective, as well as reduce sludge volume. The optimum conditions and efficiency of the acidification for ferric coagulant recovery from coagulation sludge were investigated. Experimental results showed that the recovered coagulants can be used in CEPT and the pollutants removal efficiency is similar to that of fresh coagulant, and for some aspects the effect of recovered coagulants is better than that of fresh ones, such as turbidity removal. Although some substances will be enriched during recycle, they have little effect on treated wastewater quality. Acidification condition also had significant influence on reduction of sludge volume. The efficiency of coagulant recovery had a linear relationship with sludge reduction. Experiments verify that it would be a sustainable and cost-effective way to recover ferric coagulant from coagulation sludge in water treatment and chemical wastewater treatment, and then recycle it to CEPT, as well as reduce sludge volume.
Resources and nutrients oriented greywater treatment for non-potable reuses
Water Science & Technology—WST Vol 57 No 12 pp 1901–1907 © IWA Publishing 2008 doi:10.2166/wst.2008.601
Fangyue Li, Joachim Behrendt, Knut Wichmann and Ralf Otterpohl
Technical University Hamburg Harburg, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Schwarzenbergstr. 95 E, D-21073, Hamburg, Germany E-mail: li.fangyue@tu-harburg.de
Technical University Hamburg Harburg, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Eissendorfer Strasse 42, D-21073, Hamburg, Germany
Abstract
This paper evaluated the performance and suitability of a resources and nutrients oriented decentralized greywater treatment system which uses a submerged spiral wound module. This greywater treatment system is aimed at treating and recovering the resources present in the wastewater. The study revealed that the UF membrane filtration system was able to maintain a permeate flux between 6 and 10 L/m2/h. TOC can be reduced from the influent value of 161 to 28.6 mg/L in the permeate, meaning an average elimination rate of 83.4%. In addition, soluble nutrients such as ammonia and phosphorus can pass through the UF membrane and remain in the permeate. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the permeate were 16.7 and 6.7 mg/L respectively. The permeate was low in turbidity (below 1 NTU) and free of suspended solids and E. coli and had an excellent physical appearance. The permeate can be used in gardening and agriculture for irrigation and soil fertilization or alternatively for toilet flushing after disinfection. The retentate generated in this system can be treated with blackwater and kitchen waste in an anaerobic digester at a later stage for producing biogas or compost.
Total nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia recycle stream using a single submerged attached growth bioreactor
Water Science & Technology Vol 55 No 8-9 pp 59–65 © IWA Publishing 2007 doi:10.2166/wst.2007.242
A. Onnis-Hayden*, P.B. Pedros*,** and J. Reade***
*Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E-mail: onnis-hayden.a@neu.edu)
**F.R. Mahony & Associates, 273 Weymouth Street, Rockland, MA 02370, USA (E-mail: philippedros@frmahony.com)
***Massachusetts Water Resource Authority, Winthrop, MA 02152, USA
Abstract
An experimental study investigating the nitrogen removal efficiency from the recycle stream generated in the dewatering facility of the anaerobically digested sludge at the Deer Island wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Boston was conducted using a single submerged attached growth bioreactor (SAGB), designed for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The applied nitrogen loading to the reactor ranged from 0.7 to 2.27 kg-N/m3·d, and the corresponding total nitrogen (TN) removal rate ranged from 0.38 to 1.8 kg-N/m3·d. The observed nitrification rates varied from 0.42 kg-N/m3·d to 1.45 kg-N/m3·d with an ammonia load of 0.5 kg-N/m3·d and 1.8 kg-N/m3·d, respectively. An average nitrification efficiency of 91% was achieved throughout the experiment. Denitrification efficiency varied from 55%, obtained without any addition of carbon source, to 95% when methanol was added in order to obtain a methanol/nitrate ratio of about 3 kg methanol/kg NO3--N.
Development of sequencing batch reactor with step feed and recycle
Water Science & Technology Vol 55 No 1-2 pp 477–484 © IWA Publishing 2007 doi:10.2166/wst.2007.059
Y.W. Lee*, Y.J. Kim**, N.I. Chang***, J.G. Lee* and B.H. Lee****
*Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
**Institute of Construction Technology, JA Construction Company, Inc., Sunchon, , Jeonlanamdo, Korea
***Yeongsan-River Environmental Research Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Research, Gwangju, , Korea
****Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, , Kyonggido, Korea
Abstract
SBR process shows high nitrogen and phosphorus removal in countries where separated sewers are used. On the other hand, removal efficiency is low in countries where combined sewers are used though the same SBR is applied. This is because the organic concentration (as BOD), which is used as carbon source for denitrification, of combined sewers is much lower than that of separated sewers. Almost all sewers in Korea are combined, and their BOD is low by about 1/2 over the level needed for denitrification. In this study, a SBR process that can optimise organic usage by step feed and recycle is thus developed to increase the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the results show that the removal rates of BOD, T-N and T-P are 95.4, 81.4 and 86.1%, respectively, though influent BOD is low
Treatment and reuse of backwash water in Taipei water treatment plant, Taiwan
Water Science & Technology: Water Supply Vol 6 No 6 pp 89–98 © IWA Publishing 2006 doi:10.2166/ws.2006.961
C.B. Yang*, Y.L. Cheng*, J.C. Liu* and D.J. Lee**
*Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Chinese Taiwan (E-mail: liu@ch.ntust.edu.tw)
**Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Chinese Taiwan
Abstract
A case study on the treatment and reuse of backwash water from Chang-Hsing Water Treatment Plant (CHWTP) and Swan-Sea Water Treatment Plant (SSWTP) of Taipei Water Department was conducted. Both backwash waters showed different properties. However, the characteristics of each backwash water did not vary considerably among samples taken during different time. Results from jar tests indicated that both polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and alum could result in effective removal of turbidity. Both DOC and absorbance of UV254 decreased slightly with increasing coagulant dosage. In continuous operation of backwash water recycle in pilot study in CHWTP, it was found that treated water quality was not affected by two different modes of recycle: intermittent recycle at ratio of 1:7 (backwash water:raw water) and continuous recycle at ratio of 1:42. In the pilot study in SSWTP, no impact was found on the introduction of backwash water at recycle ratio of 4, 6 and 8%, regardless of whether the backwash water was recycled directly or went through 3 min pre-sedimentation before it is recycled. Further study on the impact of typhoon on treatment and recycle of backwash water was recommended.
Nitrogen removal by recycle water nitritation as an attractive alternative for retrofit technologies in municipal wastewater treatment plants
Water Science & Technology Vol 49 No 5-6 pp 39 - 46 © IWA Publishing 2004
K.-I. Gil* and E. Choi**
*Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Apperson Hall, Rm 202, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
**Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University, 1-5 Ga, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Korea (E-mail: echoi@korea.ac.kr)
Abstract
The recycle water from sludge processing in municipal wastewater treatment plants causes many serious problems in the efficiency and stability of the mainstream process. Thus, the design approach for recycle water is an important part of any biological nutrient removal system design when a retrofit technology is required for upgrading an existing plant. Moreover, the application of nitrogen removal from recycle water using the nitritation process has recently increased due to economic reasons associated with an effective carbon allocation as well as the minimization of aeration costs. However, for the actual application of recycle water nitritation, it has not been fully examined whether or not additional volume would be required in an existing plant. In this paper, the addition of recycle water nitritation to an existing plant was evaluated based on a volume analysis and estimation of final effluent quality. It was expected that using the reserve volume of the aeration tank in existing plants, recycle water nitritation could be applied to a plant without any enlargement. With the addition of recycle water nitritation, it was estimated that the final effluent quality would be improved and stabilized, especially in the winter season.
