Ecotoxicology
The term ecotoxicology was coined by René Truhaut in 1969 who defined it as "the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integral context” (Truhaut, 1977).
Ecotoxicology is the integration of toxicology and ecology or, as Chapman (2002) suggested, “ecology in the presence of toxicants”. It aims to quantify the effects of stressors upon natural populations, communities, or ecosystems. Ecotoxicology differs from environmental toxicology in that it integrates the effects of stressors across all levels of biological organisation from the molecular to whole communities and ecosystems, whereas environmental toxicology focuses upon effects at the level of the individual and below (Maltby & Naylor, 1990). This broader remit is distinct from the anthropocentric nature of classical toxicology and the legislative approach of environmental toxicology. Ecotoxicology incorporates aspects of ecology, toxicology, physiology, molecular biology, analytical chemistry and many other disciplines. The ultimate goal of this approach is to be able to predict the effects of pollution so that the most efficient and effective action to prevent or remediate any detrimental effect can be identified. In those ecosystems that are already impacted by pollution ecotoxicological studies can inform as to the best course of action to restore ecosystem services and functions efficiently and effectively.
Content Table
History
The publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson's seminal volume, Silent Spring catalysed the separation of environmental toxicology - and, subsequently, ecotoxicology - from classical toxicology. The revolutionary element in Carson's work was her extrapolation from single-organism effects to effects at the whole ecosystem and the "balance of nature" (Bazerman et al., 2006).
Although initially devoted to the study of anthropogenic toxicants the term is now used to describe research into the ecological effects of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Thereby integrating secondary effects of anthropogenic activities such as ocean acidification resulting from increased dissolution of carbon dioxide into the surface waters of the oceans (Harley et al., 2006). It has been proposed that this broadening of focus from purely toxicological effects to the consideration of more general stressors moves beyond the definition of "ecotoxicology". Van Straalen (2003) in particular, argued that the field had diversified to become Stress Ecology and that, as the effects of anthropogenic toxicants compound existing, natural stressors, exclusive study of their effects in an ecological context was nonsensical. Whilst this proposal is well argued, it is odd of Van Straalen to have specified solely "ecology" as the field when the original field of ecotoxicology was intended to cover all levels of biological organisation from molecular-level causes to ecosystem-level effects. Therefore the term Stress Biology would seem more appropriate.
Why this article?
Important interdisciplinary science for risk assessment of various waste fluxes discharged to the environment. Here are some useful references. We do hope that they will be updated by IWA members.
References
Blinova, I., Ivask, A., Mortimer, M., Kahru, A., 2009. Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles of CuO and ZnO in natural water. Environ. Pollut. (2009),doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.017K
Kahru, A., Dubourguier, H.-C. 2009. From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology. Toxicology, 10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.016
Mortimer, M., Kasemets, K., Kahru, A., 2009. Toxicity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles to ciliated protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila. Toxicology, doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.07.007
Aruoja, V.; Sihtmäe, M.; Kahru, A.; Dubourguier, H-C. (2009). Effect of substituents on the ecotoxicity of anilines and phenols. Toxicology Letters, Volume 189, Supplement 1, 13 September 2009, p 192.
Sihtmäe, M.; Dubourguier, H-C.; Kahru, A. (2009). E-SovTox – a web-database on selected publicly available (eco)toxicity data published in Russian language. . In: ALTEX-ALTERNATIVEN ZU TIEREXPERIMENTEN : 7(th) World Congress Rome 2009 Abstracts, 2009, (Special Issue: Sp. Iss. SI Pages: 11-361)p. 92 - 92.
Sihtmäe, M.; Dubourguier, H-C.; Kahru, A. (2009). Toxicological information on chemicals published in the Russian language: Contribution to REACH and 3Rs. Toxicology, Volume 262, Issue 1, 28 July 2009, pp 27-37.
Kasemets, K., Ivask, A., Dubourguier, H.-C., Kahru, A. (2009)Toxicity of nanoparticles of ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Toxicology in Vitro, Volume 23, Issue 6, p. 1116-1122
Ivask, A., Rõlova, T., Kahru, A. (2009) A suite of recombinant luminescent bacterial strains for the quantification of bioavailable heavy metals and toxicity testing. BMC Biotechnology 2009, 9:41 (8 May 2009), doi:10.1186/1472-6750-9-41. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/9/41/abstract
Aruoja, V., Dubourguier, H.C., Kasemets, K., Kahru, A., 2009. Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Sci. Total. Environ. 407, 1461-1468
Bondarenko, O., Rõlova, T., Kahru, A., Ivask, A. (2008) Bioavailability of Cd, Zn and Hg in Soil to Nine Recombinant Luminescent Metal Sensor Bacteria. Sensors 2008, Volume 8(11), p. 6899-6923. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/11/6899
Kahru, A., Dubourguier, H.C., Blinova, I., Ivask, A., Kasemets, K. (2008). Biotests and Biosensors for Ecotoxicology of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Minireview . Sensors, 8, 5153 - 5170. http://www.mdpi.org/sensors/papers/s8085153.pdf
Kahru, A., Ivask, A., Blinova, I., Dubourguier, H.C. (2008) Bioavailability and ecotoxicology of nanoparticles. Toxicology Letters, Volume 180, Supplement 1, p. S20
Aruoja, V., Kahru, A., Dubourguier, H.C. (2008) Toxicity of ZnO, TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata,Toxicology Letters, Volume 180, Supplement 1, p. S220
Kasemets, K., Romet, M., Ivask, A., Kahru, A. Toxicity of nanosized ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicology Letters, Volume 180, Supplement 1, p. S223
Mortimer, M.; Kasemets, K.; Heinlaan, M., Kurvet, I.; Kahru, A. (2008). High-Throughput Kinetic Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for study of toxic effects of nanoparticles. Toxicology in Vitro, Vol. 22, p. 1412-1417.
Heinlaan, Margit; Ivask, Angela; Blinova, Irina; Dubourguier, Henri-Charles; Kahru, Anne (2008). Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere, 71:1308-1316.
Vassiljev, A.; Blinova, I.; Ennet, P. (2008). Source apportionment of nutrients in Estonian rivers. Desalination, 226, 222 – 230
Blinova, I., Vassiljev, A. (2006). Macrophytes in the biological monitoring of small rivers. In: IWA DipCon 2006 10th International Specialised Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Sustainable Basin Management: IWA DipCon 2006, Istanbul, September 2006. (Toim.) IWA., 2006.
Ivask, A., Kahru, A., Virta, M. (2007) Recombinant Whole-Cell Bioreporter Systems Based on Beetle Luciferases. In: Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips. p. 163-173. Edited by Robert S. Marks, David C. Cullen, Isao Karube, Christopher R. Lowe and Howard H. Weetall. 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-01905-4. 2 Volume set. 1500 pages
Kapanen, G.; Punning, J.-M.; Blinova, I.; Kangur, K. (2007). The Roles of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors of Ecological State in the Lake Peipsi. . Proceedings of the World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 22, 133 – 138
Kasemets K., Nisamedtinov I., Laht T.-M.,Abner K., Paalme T. (2007). Growth characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C in changing environmental conditions: auxo-accelerostat study. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 92, 109 - 128.
Irha, N. Blinova, I. (2007) "Use of bioassays for risk assessment of toxic leachates from wastes: experimental study". ATLA, 35: 111-118.
Heinlaan, M.; Kahru, A.; Kasemets, K.; Kurvet, I.; Waterlot, C.; Sepp, K.; Dubourguier, H.C.; Douay, F. (2007). Fast screening of soil ecotoxicity with a battery of luminescent bacteria tests. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 35: 101-110.
Ivask, A., Green, T., Polyak, B., Mor, A., Kahru, A., Virta, M., Marks, R. (2007) Fibre-optic bacterial biosensors and their application for the analysis of bioavailable Hg and As in soils and sediments from Aznalcollar mining area in Spain. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22: 1396-1402.
Kahru, A. (2006) Ecotoxicological tests in non-ecotoxicological research: contribution to 3Rs. Use of luminescent photobacteria for evaluating the toxicity of 47 MEIC reference chemicals. ALTEX, 23: 302-308
Mortimer, M., Järving, R., Brash, A.R., Samel, N., Järving, I.(2006) Identification and characterization of an arachidonate 11R-lipoxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys: 445, 147-155.
Kahru, A. and Ivask, A. (2006) Ecotoxicological tests and recombinant luminescent microbial models in toxicity studies: contribution to 3Rs ALTEX, Vol. 23, Nr. 2, p. 102-103.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L. (2006) Environmental hazard pf the waste streams of the Estonian oil-shale industry: an ecotoxicological review - Oil Shale, Vol. 23, Nr. 1, p. 53-93
Leedjärv, A.; Ivask, A.; Virta, M.; Kahru, A. (2006). Analysis of bioavailable phenols from natural samples by recombinant luminescent bacterial sensors. Chemosphere, 64, 1910 - 1919.
Blinova, I., Vassiljev, A. (2006). Macrophytes in the biological monitoring of small rivers. In: IWA DipCon 2006 10th International Specialised Conference on Diffuse Pollution and Sustainable Basin Management: IWA DipCon 2006, Istanbul, September 2006. (Toim.) IWA., 2006
Kasemets, K., Kahru, A., Laht, T.-M. and Paalme, T. (2006). Study of the toxic effect of the short- and medium-chain monocarboxylic acids on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CO2-auxo-accelerostat fermentation system. . International Journal of Food Microbiology, 111, 206 - 215.
Bernaus, A., Gaona, X., Ivask, A., Kahru, A., Valiente, M. (2005) Analysis of sorption and bioavailability of different species of mercury on model soil components using XAS techniques and sensor bacteria. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 382(4): 1541-1548
Peltola, P., Ivask, A., Åström, M., Virta, M. 2005. Lead and Cu in contaminated urban soils: extraction with chemical reagents and bioluminescent bacteria and yeast. Science of the Total Environment 350(1-3): 194-203
Kahru, A., Ivask, A., Kasemets, A., Põllumaa, L., Kurvet, I., Francois, M., Dubourguier, HC. (2005) Biotests and biosensors in ecotoxicological risk assessment of field soils polluted with zinc, lead and cadmium. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 11, p. 2973-2982
Kahru, A., Drews, M., Põllumaa, L., Kasemets, K., Veidebaum, T., Kogerman, P. (2005) Toxicity of nanoscale cationic polymers in vitro and in vivo. ALTEX, Vol. 22, Special Issue, p. 302
Hakkila, K., Green, T., Leskinen, P., Ivask, A., Marks, R., Virta, M. (2004) Detection of bioavailable heavy metals in EILATOX-Oregon samples using whole-cell luminescent bacterial sensors in suspension or immobilized onto fibre-optic tips. J. Applied Toxicology, 24: 333-342
Põllumaa L, Kahru A, Manusadzianas L (2004): Biotest- and Chemistry-Based Hazard Assessment of Soils, Sediments and Solid Wastes. JSS-J Soils & Sediments, Vol. 4, p. 267-275.
Ivask, A., Francois, M., Kahru, A., Dubourguier, H. C., Virta, M., Douay, F. (2004) Recombinant luminescent bacterial sensors for the meausrement of bioavailability of cadmium and lead in soils polluted by metal smelters, Chemosphere, Vol 22, p. 147-156.
Aruoja, V., Kurvet, I., Dubourguier, H.C., Kahru, A. (2004) Toxicity Testing of heavy Metal Polluted Soils with Algae Selenastrum capricornutum: a Soil Suspension Assay. Environmental Toxicology. Vol. 19, Issue 4, p. 396-402.
Ivask, A., Bernaus, A. (2004) "Assessment of sorption and bioavailability of mercury compounds in soils and sediments" SENSPOL: European Network on Sensors for Monitoring Water Pollution Newsletter no. 11, p. 18-2
Blinova, I. (2004) Use of freshwater algae and duckweeds for phytotoxicity testing. Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 19, Issue 4, 425-428.
Manusadzianas, L, Balkelyte, L., Sadauskas, K., Blinova, I., Põllumaa, L., Kahru, A. (2003) Ecotoxicological study of Lithuanian and Estonian wastewaters: selection of the biotests, and correspondence between toxicity and chemical-based indices. Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 63, 1, p. 27-41.
Põllumaa L, & A. Kahru (2003) Ecotoxicological hazard assessment of solid-phase samples. In: "The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination: Problems and Solutions", ed. by V. Sasek, J.A. Glaser and Ph. Baveye. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Voil. 19. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p. 217-220. ISBN 1-4020-1145-5.
Kasemets K., Drews M., Nisamedtinov I., Adamberg K., Paalme T. (2003) Modification of A-stat for the characterization of microorganisms, Journal of Microbiological Methods, Vol. 55, p. 187-200
Adamberg K., Kasemets K. and Paalme T. (2003) Auxo-accelerostat - a new effective cultivation system for culture characterization. In: S. Sorvari (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Bioreactor Technology On Cell, Tissue Culture and Biomedical Application. Karhukopio OY, Turku, Finland. p. 115-125.
Põllumaa, L., Blinova, I. , Kahru, A. (2003) Toksikoloogilised meetodid keskkonnauuringutes. Artikkel kogumikus "Ohtlikud ained keskkonnas", EV Keskkonnaministeerium, 2003, ISBN 9985-4-0369-X, Toimetajad: A.Roose, E.Otsa, O.Roots., lk. 17-19.
Persoone, G., Marsalek, B., Blinova I., Törökne, A., Zarina, D., Manusadzianas, L., Nalecz-Jawecki,G., Tofan, L., Stepanova, N., Tothova, L., Kolar, B. (2003) Practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters. Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 18, Issue 6, pp. 395-402.
Irha N. , Blinova I., Petersell V. (2003). The use of bioassays for an evaluation of effect of soils on toxicity reduction of complex mixture of heavy metals and PAHs //Int. J. Ecological Chemistry, Vol.12 (4), 233 - 239 (in Russian with English summary).
Kahru, A., Maloverjan, A., Sillak, H., Põllumaa, L. (2002). Toxicity and fate of phenolic pollutants in the contaminated soils associated with the oil-shale industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Special Issue 1, 27-33
Ivask, A., Virta, M., Kahru, A. (2002) Construction and use of specific luminescent recombinant bacterial sensors for the assessment of bioavailable fraction of cadmium, zinc, mercury and chromium in the soil. Soil Biol. & Biochem., 34: 1439-1447.
Ivask, A., Kahru, A., Kunttu, K., Virta, M., Douay, F., Dubourguier, H.-C. (2002) Bioanalysis of heavy metals from soils and sediments using recombinant luminescent bacterial sensors. Toxicology Letters 135, S101
Põllumaa, L., Maloveryan, A., Trapido, M., Sillak, H., Kahru, A. (2001) Study of the Environmental Hazard Caused by the Oil-Shale Industry Solid Waste. ATLA, 29, p. 259-267.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L. (2001) Application of the ecotoxicological test batteries for the study of environmental pollution. Pharmacology & Toxicology. Vol. 88, supplement I, p. 19.
Ivask, A., Hakkila, K., Virta, M. (2001) Detection of organomercurials with sensor bacteria. Analytical Chemistry 73(21): 5168-5171
Blinova, I., Kahru, A. (2001) Biotestide kasutamine keskkonnaseisundi hindamisel. Keskkonnatehnika, 3/2001, p. 39
Põllumaa L., Kahru A. , Eisenträger A., Reiman R. , Maloveryan A. , Rätsep A (2000) Toxicological investigation of soil with the solid-phase flash assay: comparison with other ecotoxicological tests. ATLA, Vol. 28, p. 461-472.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Reiman, R., Rätsep, A., Liiders, M. and Maloveryan, A. (2000) The toxicity and biodegradability of eight main phenolic compounds characteristic to the oil-shale industry wastewaters: a test battery approach. – Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 15, Nr. 2, 431-442.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (2000) Microbiotests for the evaluation of the pollution from the oil-shale industry. In: New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Testing and Biomonitoring. KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. Eds. Persoone, G., Janssen, C., De Coen, W. , p. 357-365.
Shugart, L., Cibulka, J., Boruvka, L., Curdova, E., Holsbeek, L., Kahru, A., Kotelevtsev, S., Kratz, W., Kubiznakova, J., and Walker, C. Report of the working group on Northern Bohemia. - In: Biomarkers: A Pragmatic Basis for Remediation of Severe Pollution in Eastern Europe. Ed. by D.B. Peakall, C.H. Walker and P. Migula. NATO Science Series. 2. Environmental Security - Vol. 54, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp. 229-279.
Rozkov, A., Vassiljeva, I., Kurvet, M., Kahru A., Preis, S., Kharchenko, A., Krichevskaja, M., Liiv, M., Käärd, A., Vilu, R. (1999) Laboratory Study of Bioremediation of Rocket Fuel-Polluted Groundwater. Water Research, Vol. 33, p.1303-1313.
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (1999) Predicting the toxicity of oil-shale industry wastewater by its phenolic composition. ATLA, Vol. 27, p. 359-366.
Kasemets K., Paalme T. (1999) Characterisation of yeast strains using the A-stat method. In. A.C.J. Tuijtelaars, R.A. Samson, F.M. Rombouts, S. Notermans (Eds.), Food Microbiology and Food Safety into Next Millennium. Ponsen & Looyen, The Netherlands, Wageningen, p. 644-645
Kahru, A., Põllumaa, L., Blinova, I., Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (1998) Chemical versus toxicological analysis in characterization of phenolic pollution: a test battery approach. Toxicology Letters, Supplement 1/95, p. 237
Kahru, A. , Reiman, R. and Rätsep, A. (1998) The efficiency of different phenol-degrading bacteria and activated sludges in detoxification of phenolic leachates. CHEMOSPHERE, Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 301-318
Ekwall, B., Barile, F.A., Castano, A., Clemedson, C., Clothier, R., Dierickx, P., Ekwall, B., Ferro, M., Fiskesjö, G., Garza-Ocanas, L., Gómez-Lechón, Gülden, M., Hall, T., Isomaa, B.,Kahru, A., Kerszman, G., Kristen, U., Kunimoto, M., Kärenlampi, S., Lewan, L., Loukianov, A., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Romert, L., Sawer, T., Shrivastava, R., Segner, H., Stammati, A.,Tanaka, N., Valentino, M., Walum, Zucco, F. (1998) MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity toxicity. Part VI. The prediction of human toxicity by rodent LD50 values and results from 61 in vitro methods. ATLA, 26, p. 617-658.
Clemedson, C., Barile, F.A., Ekwall, B., Gómez-Lechón, M.J., Hall, T., Imai, K., Kahru, A., Logemann, P., Monaco, F., Ohno, T., Segner, H., Sjöström, M. , Valentino, M., Walum, E., Wang, X., Ekwall, B. (1998) MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity. Part III. In vitro results from 16 additional methods used to test the first 30 reference chemicals and a comparative cytotoxicity analysis. ATLA, 26, p. 93-129.
Clemedson, C., Andersson, M., Aoki, Y., Barile, F.A., Bassi, A.M., Calleja, M.C., Castano, A., Clothier, R., Dierickx, P., Enwall, B., Ferro, M., Fiskesjö, G., Garza-Ocanas, L., Gómez-Lechón, Gülden, M., Hall, T., Imai, K., Isomaa, B.,Kahru, A., Kerszman, G., Kjellstrand, P., Kristen, U., Kunimoto, M., Kärenlampi, S., Lewan, L., Lilius, H., Loukianov, A., Monaco, F., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Romert, L., Sandberg, M., Sawer, T., Segner, H., Seibert, H., Shrivastava, R., Sjöström, M. Stammati, A.,Tanaka, N., Thuvander, A., Torres-Alanis, O., Valentino, M., Wakuri, S., Walum, E., Wang, X., Wieslander, A., Zucco, F. & Ekwall, B. (1998) MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity toxicity. Part IV. In vitro results from 67 toxicity assays used to test reference chemicals 31-50 and a comparative cytotoxicity analysis. ATLA, 26, p. 131-183.
Drews M., Kasemets K., Nisamedtinov I., Paalme T. (1998) Continuous cultivation of insect and yeast cells at maximum specific growth rate. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem., 47, p. 175-188
V. Chekulayev, I. Shevchuk, L. Chekulayeva, A. Kahru (1997) Study of the photochemical and phototoxic properties of lonidamine [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid], J. Photochem. Photobiol, B: Biology, v.41, no.1-2, pp. 11-21.
Shevchuk, I., Chekulayev, V., Chekulayeva, L., Kahru, A. (1997) Phototoxicity of lonidamine, and antitumour agent, towards mammary cells.Human and Experimental Toxicology, Vol., 16, Nr. 10., p. 623.
Kahru, A., Kurvet, M., Kurvet, I., Reiman, R., Rätsep, A. (1997) The toxcity of ash-heap water (sulfur-rich phenolic leachate) and the efficiency of different phenol-utilising bacterial strains in its biopurification/detoxification. Human and Experimental Toxicology, Vol., 16, Nr. 10., p. 617.
Kahru, A., Kurvet, M. and Kurvet, I. (1997) Study of the toxicological impact of different components of ash-heap water. Oil Shale, Vol. 14, Nr. 4 SPECIAL, p. 469-475.
Kahru, M. Kurvet and I. Külm (1996) Toxicity of phenolic wastewater to luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. Wat. Sci. &Tech. 1996, Vol. 33, Nr. 6, 139-146.
Kahru, K. Tomson, T. Pall and I. Külm. (1996) Study of toxicity of pesticides using luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. Wat. Sci. &Tech., Vol. 33, Nr. 6, p. 147-154.
Clemedson, C., McFarlane-Abdulla, E., Andersson, M., Barile, F.A., Calleja, M.C., Chesné, C., Clothier, R., Cottin, M., Curren, R., Dierickx, P., Ferro, M., Fiskesjö, G., Garza-Ocanas, L., Gómez-Lechón, Gülden, M., Isomaa, B., Janus, J., Judge, P., Kahru, A., Kemp, R.B., Kerszman, G., Kristen, U., Kunimoto, M., Kärenlampi, S., Lavrijsen, K.,Lewan, L., Lilius, H., Malmsten, A., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Petterson, R., Roguet, R., Romert, L., Sandberg, M., Sawer, T., Seibert, H., Shrivastava, R., Sjöström, M. Stammati, A.,Tanaka, N., Torres ALanis, O.Voss, J.-U., Wakuri, S., Walum, E., Wang, X., Zucco, F. & Ekwal, B. MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity toxicity. Part I. Methodology of 68 in vitro toxicity assays used to test the first 30 reference chemicals (1996). ATLA, Supplement 1, p. 251-272.
Clemedson, C., McFarlane-Abdulla, E., Andersson, M., Barile, F.A., Calleja, M.C., Chesné, C., Clothier, R., Cottin, M., Curren, R., Dierickx, P., Ferro, M., Fiskesjö, G., Garza-Ocanas, L., Gómez-Lechón, Gülden, M., Isomaa, B., Janus, J., Judge, P., Kahru, A., Kemp, R.B., Kerszman, G., Kristen, U., Kunimoto, M., Kärenlampi, S., Lavrijsen, K.,Lewan, L., Lilius, H., Malmsten, A., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Petterson, R., Roguet, R., Romert, L., Sandberg, M., Sawer, T., Seibert, H., Shrivastava, R., Sjöström, M. Stammati, A.,Tanaka, N., Torres ALanis, O.Voss, J.-U., Wakuri, S., Walum, E., Wang, X., Zucco, F. & Ekwall, B. MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity toxicity. Part II. In vitro results from 68 toxicity assays used to test the first 30 reference chemicals and a comparative cytotoxicity analysis (1996). ATLA, Supplement 1, p. 273-311.
Kahru, A. and Borchardt, B. (1994) Toxicity of 39 MEIC Chemicals to Bioluminescent Photobacteria (The BiotoxTM Test): Correlation with Other Test Systems. ATLA, 22, 147-160.
Pruul, R., Kahn, H. and Kahru, A. (1993) Application of the Ames genotoxicity assay and the bioluminescent toxicity assay in the testing of urine samples. ATLA, Vol. 21, Nr. 2, p. 225-232.
Kahru, A. (1993) In vitro toxicity testing using marine luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum:The BiotoxTM test. ATLA, Vol. 21, Nr 2, p. 210-215.
Kahru, A. Pelkonen, M. Vilu, R. (1991). Application of ATP bioluminescent method of rapid determination of microbial biomass in environmental samples: trial of the assay in enumeration of bacteria in soil and activated sludge. "Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent", Vol. 56 (4a), p. 1585-1587.
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