IBADAN: Sanitation Status
Sanitation provision in Ibadan (Nigeria’s second-largest city, capital of Oyo State in the southwest of the country) is grossly deficient, as in most cities in sub-Saharan Africa: most people do not have access to a hygienic toilet; large amounts of faecal waste are discharged to the environment without adequate treatment; this is likely to have major impacts on infectious disease burden and quality of life (Hutton et al. 2007). This article briefly summarizes the current sanitation situation in Ibadan.
This page is part of the fully editable open-access reference source on the sanitation status of all major cities in sub-Saharan Africa. The resource considers the 40 urban agglomerations in sub-Saharan Africa with a current population of 1 million or more. To read some of the other 40 country profiles, go back tothe resource Homepage.
N.B These pages should be considered as incomplete provisional drafts, and contributions are actively requested from specialists with expert local knowledge of each specific city
Table of Content
- Background information
- Water resources and supply: overview
- Sanitation access
- Sewerage system
- Septage management (septage = nightsoil and/or sludge from onsite facilities)
- Sewage treatment (sewage = sewered wastes and/or septage)
- Sanitation in low-income districts
- Responsibility
- Sanitation masterplan?
- Sanitation financing
- Major investments and donor interventions
- Sources and further reading
- References
- Other City Profiles
Background information
Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, is Nigeria’s second-largest urban agglomeration, with a population of about 3.3 million people (Brinkhoff 2010). It is an inland city built on a ridge, with altitude ranging to 150 to 275 m; for useful information on human geography, see Onibokun & Kumuyi (1999). Climate is tropical wet and dry (Köppen classification Aw). Major river floods have caused severe damage in the past (CBN 1999), but we do not know whether flooding is currently a major problem. Pollutant industrial activities include food processing and tanning. There does not appear to be significant agricultural activity within the urban area (RUAF 2007). A large proportion of the population lives in low-income settlements, including very poor informal settlements (Adenji & Ogundiji 2009).
Water resources and supply: overview
Water production is reported to be 107 million litres per day. Water is supplied principally from reservoirs on the Eleyele and Asejire Rivers (Adenji 2009). A recent AfDB project appraisal (AfDB 2009) states that about 25% of the population have access to “safe water supply”; billing and collection efficiency is reported to be 50%; UFW (unaccounted-for water) is reported to be >70%; average daily hours of supply is reported to be 4. Adenji & Ogundiji (2009) give water access data for two informal settlements, Mapo (in the city centre) and Apete (a peri-urban slum): in Mapo, about 68% of households used well water, about 4% water from a communal standpipe, and about 4% from water vendors; in Apete, about 91% used well water, and the rest depended on boreholes, streams, rainwater and/or water vendors. These authors give additional information on other aspects of water access, including daily consumption.
Sanitation access
In middle-income and wealthy areas, most households have pit latrines or septic tanks (Onibokun & Kumuyi 1999). In most low-income settlements, most households do not have toilets, and open defecation on refuse tips and wasteland, or to open drains, is reported to be widespread; in addition, toilets discharging directly to open drains are reported to be common (Sangodoyin 1991, Olaseha & Sridhar 2004). There is no sewerage system. No detailed city-wide quantitative data on sanitation access is available. USAID (2009) notes that “Lack of accurate date makes it impossible to determine whether Nigeria is making progress to meet its MDG targets in the WSS sector”. Adenji & Ogundiji (2009) give sanitation access data for two informal settlements, Mapo (in the city centre) and Apete (a peri-urban slum): in Mapo, about 54% of households had a flush toilet and 41% a pit latrine; in Apete, about 97% had pit latrines; it is not clear whether flush toilets discharged to septic tanks or directly to open drains.
Sewerage system
Ibadan has no sewerage system (except for very small systems serving institutions and private estates).
Septage management (septage = nightsoil and/or sludge from onsite facilities)
No information: as far as we are aware, Ibadan has no formal systems for septage management.
Sewage treatment (sewage = sewered wastes and/or septage)
As far as we are aware, there are no major wastewater treatment facilities.
Sanitation in low-income districts
No specific information. We are not aware of any detailed mapping of high-sanitation-need districts, or of any specific policy for sanitation improvement in informal settlements. Adenji & Ogundiji (2009) give useful information on the characteristics and locations of informal settlements, including a rough map; they provide detailed information on the districts of Mapo (in the city centre) and Apete (a peri-urban slum).
Responsibility
Federal and state responsibilities are summarized in USAID (2009). The Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (http://oyostate.gov.ng/content/ministry-environment-and-water-resources) has formal responsibility for environment, including preparation of masterplans for urban planning in general and for drainage and liquid wastes; however, it is unclear whether this formal responsibility is met in any significant sense. The Ibadan Waste Management Authority deals with solid waste only
Sanitation masterplan?
As far as we know, there is no current sanitation masterplan, or broader masterplan covering sanitation.
Sanitation financing
No specific information.
Major investments and donor interventions
AfDB “Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for Oyo and Taraba States”, about US$ 78 million, approved September 2008: mainly water supply , but about 2% of budget for onsite sanitation for schools, health centres and public markets. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/AR%20Nigeria002En.pdf
Sources and further reading
None at present.
References
Adenji G (2009) Natural springs project: communities initiatives to water resources management in Ibadan, Nigeria. Paper presented ta the 7th Interntaional Science Conference on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change, IHDP Open Meeting. Bonn, Germany, April 26−30 2009.
Adenji G & Ogundiji BN (2009) Climate adaptation in Nigerian cities: regularising informal and illegal settlements in Ibadan. Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/6505269-1268260567624/Adeniji.pdf
AfDB (2009) Project Appraisal Report: Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for Oyo and Taraba States. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/AR%20Nigeria002En.pdf
Brinkhoff T (2010) City Population. http://www.citypopulation.de
CBN [Central Bank of Nigeria] (1999) Urbanization and related socio-economic problems in Ibadan area. http://www.cenbank.org/out/ocasionalpp/2002/op-no25.pdf
Hutton G, Haller L & Bartram J (2007) Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of low cost household drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to countries off-track to meet MDG target 10. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. http://www.irc.nl/page/38443
Olaseha, I. O. and Sridhar, M. K. C. (2004): Community Mobilization for Drainage Improvement: Experience from Three Communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 22(1): 77 – 85. http://baywood.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,7,13;journal,31,113;linkingpublicationresults,1:300315,1
Onibokun AG & Kumuyi AJ (1999) ‘Ibadan’. In: Onibokun AG (ed.) Managing the Monster: Urban Waste and Governance in Africa. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-42976-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
RUAF (2003) Ibadan. http://www.ruaf.org/node/1517
Sangodoyin AY (1991) An improved understanding of the environmental impact of open drains in a Nigerian city. The Environmentalist 11(3):185-193.
UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2002) Water availability in Africa. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water_availability_in_africa.
USAID (2009) Nigeria: Water and Sanitation Profile. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf
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